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Research summaries

Top 10 compounds by breadth of UK market listings in the 2026-10-13 price index (excluding diluent and blends). Every citation was looked up by PMID in Europe PMC (MEDLINE) on 2026-10-14 and its title matched. For laboratory research use only.

  • BPC-157

    BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-residue peptide (a pentadecapeptide). Its sequence was described as a partial fragment of a protein isolated from gastric juice, and much of the literature calls it a "stable gastric pentadecapeptide".

    4 verified citations · compared with TB-500

  • GHK-Cu

    GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK). GHK binds copper with high affinity through the histidine imidazole, the glycine amino group and the backbone amide nitrogen. Its coordination chemistry was characterised in the early 1980s.

    3 verified citations · compared with Epitalon

  • MOTS-c

    MOTS-c is a 16-residue peptide encoded by a short open reading frame inside the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. It is one of the "mitochondrial-derived peptides", a class of signalling peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA.

    3 verified citations · compared with SS-31

  • NAD+

    NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidised form) is not a peptide. It is a dinucleotide coenzyme that carries electrons in redox reactions and is consumed as a substrate by sirtuins and PARP enzymes.

    4 verified citations · compared with MOTS-c

  • Epitalon

    Epitalon (also written Epithalon) is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG). It was developed from studies of pineal gland extracts at the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology.

    3 verified citations · compared with GHK-Cu

  • TB-500

    TB-500 is a synthetic peptide modelled on the actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), a 43-residue protein that is one of the main actin-monomer-sequestering proteins in cells.

    5 verified citations · compared with BPC-157

  • SS-31

    SS-31 (also called elamipretide or MTP-131) is a synthetic, cell-permeable tetrapeptide, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2. It is one of the Szeto-Schiller peptides, which concentrate at the inner mitochondrial membrane.

    3 verified citations · compared with MOTS-c

  • Tesamorelin

    Tesamorelin (TH9507) is a synthetic analogue of growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF). It contains the 44-amino-acid GRF sequence with a trans-3-hexenoyl group added at the N-terminus, which makes it more resistant to enzymatic breakdown.

    3 verified citations · compared with Ipamorelin

  • PT-141

    PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide that agonises melanocortin receptors. It is a metabolite-related analogue of Melanotan II: the C-terminal amide is replaced with a free carboxylic acid.

    2 verified citations · compared with Melanotan II

  • Selank

    Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It is an analogue of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), extended with Pro-Gly-Pro at the C-terminus for stability. It was developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow.

    3 verified citations · compared with Semax