--- title: "Research summaries with verified citations | Sable Peptides" description: "Literature summaries, comparisons and FAQs for 10 widely listed research compounds, each citing PubMed papers verified in Europe PMC. Research use only." canonical: https://www.sablepeptides.co.uk/research publisher: Sable Peptides Limited (UK company 17488610) note: Research use only. Not for human or veterinary use. --- # Research summaries Top 10 compounds by breadth of UK market listings in the 2026-10-13 price index (excluding diluent and blends). Every citation was looked up by PMID in Europe PMC (MEDLINE) on 2026-10-14 and its title matched. For laboratory research use only. - [BPC-157](/research/bpc-157) BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-residue peptide (a pentadecapeptide). Its sequence was described as a partial fragment of a protein isolated from gastric juice, and much of the literature calls it a "stable gastric pentadecapeptide". 4 verified citations · compared with TB-500 - [GHK-Cu](/research/ghk-cu) GHK-Cu is the copper(II) complex of the tripeptide glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine (GHK). GHK binds copper with high affinity through the histidine imidazole, the glycine amino group and the backbone amide nitrogen. Its coordination chemistry was characterised in the early 1980s. 3 verified citations · compared with Epitalon - [MOTS-c](/research/mots-c) MOTS-c is a 16-residue peptide encoded by a short open reading frame inside the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. It is one of the "mitochondrial-derived peptides", a class of signalling peptides encoded by mitochondrial DNA. 3 verified citations · compared with SS-31 - [NAD+](/research/nad) NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidised form) is not a peptide. It is a dinucleotide coenzyme that carries electrons in redox reactions and is consumed as a substrate by sirtuins and PARP enzymes. 4 verified citations · compared with MOTS-c - [Epitalon](/research/epitalon) Epitalon (also written Epithalon) is the synthetic tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG). It was developed from studies of pineal gland extracts at the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. 3 verified citations · compared with GHK-Cu - [TB-500](/research/tb-500) TB-500 is a synthetic peptide modelled on the actin-binding region of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), a 43-residue protein that is one of the main actin-monomer-sequestering proteins in cells. 5 verified citations · compared with BPC-157 - [SS-31](/research/ss-31) SS-31 (also called elamipretide or MTP-131) is a synthetic, cell-permeable tetrapeptide, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2. It is one of the Szeto-Schiller peptides, which concentrate at the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3 verified citations · compared with MOTS-c - [Tesamorelin](/research/tesamorelin) Tesamorelin (TH9507) is a synthetic analogue of growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF). It contains the 44-amino-acid GRF sequence with a trans-3-hexenoyl group added at the N-terminus, which makes it more resistant to enzymatic breakdown. 3 verified citations · compared with Ipamorelin - [PT-141](/research/pt-141) PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a synthetic cyclic heptapeptide that agonises melanocortin receptors. It is a metabolite-related analogue of Melanotan II: the C-terminal amide is replaced with a free carboxylic acid. 2 verified citations · compared with Melanotan II - [Selank](/research/selank) Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. It is an analogue of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg), extended with Pro-Gly-Pro at the C-terminus for stability. It was developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics in Moscow. 3 verified citations · compared with Semax